The effectiveness of employee tracking technologies.

Employees' surveillance, monitoring, and control have been part of the work environment from the beginning of manufacturing and supervised activity and are likely to remain. With diverse technologies and evolving information systems, employers need to understand the effects of surveillance and digital control on employees and managers. This dissertation proposes a hybrid employee surveillance framework built on three theoretical pillars: general surveillance theory, the self-presentation theory, and organizational routines. I use a qualitative approach to collect 170 interviews and analyze them manually, and I use natural language processing (NLP) to analyze interviews in an algorithmic approach to extract topics. Several employee outcomes of hybrid surveillance result, such as increased motivation and flexibility, dignity affronts, and employee distrust. Also, some long-term employee outcomes with an organizational impact emerge. This research furthers hybrid employee surveillance research by proposing a hybrid employee surveillance framework.