Theses/Dissertations - Biology
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/2104/4480
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Browsing Theses/Dissertations - Biology by Author "Brooks, Bryan W."
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Item Chemical toxicity distributions in aquatic toxicology : relative sensitivities of estrogenicity assays and ecotoxicity of parabens in model freshwater organisms.(2008-12) Dobbins, Laura L.; Brooks, Bryan W.; Biology.; Baylor University. Dept. of Biology.A probabilistic ecological hazard assessment technique, chemical toxicity distributions, was used to examine the relative sensitivities of in vitro and in vivo assays for detecting estrogenicity, and to assess the hazards associated with parabens to model aquatic organisms, Pimephales promelas and Daphnia magna. Parabens represent a class of understudied personal care products with estrogenic activity that have been detected in surface waters. MCF-7 and rainbow trout vitellogenin induction were found to be the most sensitive in vitro and in vivo assays of estrogenicity, respectively. Parabens were determined to not pose a hazard to aquatic organisms at levels that are environmentally relevant, based on the bioassay endpoints evaluated. A screening level assessment further identified estrogenic activity of select parabens to adult male P. promelas. This thesis demonstrated the utility of chemical toxicity distributions for determining sensitivities among toxicological models and for assessing those compounds for which environmental exposure data are limited.Item Effects of chiral contaminants to aquatic organisms: pharmaceuticals as model compounds for enantiomer specific ecological hazard assessment.(Houston, Texas : SETAC Press., 2006-07) Stanley, Jacob K.; Brooks, Bryan W.; Biology.; Baylor University. Dept. of Biology.In the present study, enantiospecific effects of chiral contaminants were explored using two chiral pharmaceutical contaminants as model compounds. These compounds are the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant fluoxetine and the [beta]-adrenergic receptor blocking agent propranolol. An aquatic invertebrate, Daphnia magna, and an aquatic vertebrate, Pimephales promelas, were used as model organisms. In addition to commonly used standardized bioassay endpoints, effects of these compounds were also assessed using nontraditional sublethal endpoints that were specifically chosen to target the known modes of action of the model pharmaceuticals. These include D. magna heart rate and grazing rate and P. promelas feeding rate, swimming performance, and swimming behavior. Known enantiospecific differences in activity of propranolol and fluoxetine in mammals were compared with enantiospecific differences in their toxicity to aquatic organisms. Results indicate that mammalian pharmacology data on enantiospecific effects are more predictive of enantiospecific toxicity in aquatic vertebrates than invertebrates for the two drugs tested. The results presented here also demonstrate that mode-of-action-targeted endpoints should be considered for pharmaceuticals as they can be more sensitive than traditional endpoints, show enantiospecific and sex-specific effects, and provide information on highly ecologically relevant biological processes such as feeding. A summary of the current regulatory provisions for chiral contaminants is made along with the author’s recommendations for the improvement of the assessment of environmental risk for chiral contaminants.