Browsing by Author "Hwang, Paul S., 1989-"
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Item Effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) supplementation on mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial function and aerobic exercise performance in untrained men.(2019-07-10) Hwang, Paul S., 1989-; Willoughby, Darryn Scott, 1963-Endurance training enhances aerobic performance and improves mitochondrial biogenesis, function, and antioxidant capacity. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a novel supplement involved in processes such as mitochondrial biogenesis, cellular energy metabolism, and redox modulation. Since endurance exercise and PQQ exhibit similar mechanisms for mitochondrial biogenesis, it is plausible that PQQ may have ergogenic value. Presently, there are no studies examining the effects of PQQ supplementation in conjunction with endurance exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this study was twofold: (1) To investigate the acute effects of PQQ supplementation with exercise on the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis/function; (2) examine the effects of a 6-week endurance-training program on mitochondrial biogenesis/function, protein carbonyls, and aerobic performance in untrained males. Twenty-three sedentary males were randomized to consume 20mg/day of PQQ or placebo (PLC). Both groups followed a supervised 6-week endurance-training program. Genes indicative of mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1, Cardiolipin synthase (CLS), Citrate Synthase (CS)) and function (Cytochrome C-1 (CYC-1), Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and Cytochrome c oxidase (COX4/1)) were analyzed to assess the acute effects of PQQ supplementation with exercise. Markers for aerobic performance, mitochondrial biogenesis, function, and oxidative stress were measured after the 6-week endurance-training program. An acute dose of PQQ with exercise presented no meaningful differences in all genes of interest. There were no significant differences between groups in all aerobic performance variables after endurance-training (p > 0.05). However, there were significant improvements in VO2peak, ventilatory threshold percent at VO2peak, and total exercise test duration after endurance-training irrespective of group (p < 0.05). The PQQ group significantly increased PGC-1 protein levels after endurance-training (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between groups in protein carbonyl content (p > 0.05). PQQ supplementation did not differentially improve Complex I, Complex III, Complex IV, and CS activity (p > 0.05). However, Complex I, Complex IV, and CS activity significantly improved irrespective of group after endurance-training (p < 0.05). Although PQQ supplementation presented no ergogenic improvements, the increases in PGC-1 protein content suggests mitochondrial adaptation. Further research is needed with variations in intensities and duration to ascertain if PQQ carries any ergogenic benefits with exercise.Item Effects of successive periods of detraining and retraining in males with whey protein or carbohydrate supplementation on body composition, muscle performance, and mTOR and ERK 1/2 intracellular signaling responses to resistance exercise.(2015-07-28) Hwang, Paul S., 1989-; Willoughby, Darryn Scott, 1963-Resistance exercise and nutritional strategies involving carbohydrate (CHO) and whey protein (WP) can stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS) via the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Currently, it’s unknown if short-term detraining (DT) can restore blunted anabolic responses to induce robust effects during a subsequent retraining period. Twenty resistance-trained males were randomized to consume 25 grams/day of WP or CHO. Both groups followed a 4-week weight-training program, detrained 2 weeks, and retrained for 4 weeks. Body composition, muscular strength and endurance, and MPS markers were measured throughout the study. Leg press strength (LPS) increased (p < .05), and both groups retained lean mass and LPS following DT. Greater group and time differences for PRO were observed for total protein content. Phosphorylation levels of MPS markers exhibited significant group by time interactions,with higher levels in the CHO group. It’s concluded that resistance-trained males can retain muscle following 2 weeks of DT.