A dynamic approach to examine the growth trajectory of e-participation factors.

This research explores key factors that drive e-participation growth among 147 nation-states over seven years (2014-2020). While the literature utilizing information and communication technologies (ICT) to advance e-participation research has proliferated in recent years, these studies generally do not clarify how e-participation growth occurs and how it is sustained. The current study develops an e-participation model based on Stigmergy Theory to identify core factors that drive e-participation. Then, Latent Growth Curve Modeling (LGM) is used to examine differences in countries’ growth trajectories over time. This study contributes to understanding the factors that expand and sustain e-participation to reduce developing countries' learning curves.