Macro-level modifiable variables affecting breastfeeding rates.

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommend 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding followed by at least six additional months of complementary feedings. Current rates in the United States are well below recommended levels. This thesis reviews the literature surrounding modifiable macro-level variables affecting breastfeeding rates, using the Ecological Model of Health Promotion as a theoretical framework. Major recommendations include initiating paid maternity leave at the national level, restricting formula marketing practices, and making hospital breastfeeding rates publicly available.