Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation
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Browsing Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation by Author "Cooke, Matthew B."
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Item The acute effects of Pterocarpus Marsupium supplementation on insulin-dependent and insulin-independent signaling pathways at rest, after an oral glucose tolerance test and after intense exercise in overweight pre-diabetic females.(2010-06-23T12:25:24Z) Shelmadine, Brian.; Cooke, Matthew B.; Willoughby, Darryn Scott, 1963-; Health, Human Performance and Recreation.; Baylor University. Dept. of Health, Human Performance and Recreation.Increasing physical activity and modifying diet to incorporate more phytonutrients has been suggested as a way to prevent the progression of insulin resistance (IR) into cardiometabolic disease. Pterocarpus Marsupium (PM), a phytonutrient compound shown to improve hyperglycemia, could potentially improve IR. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of PM on insulin sensitivity and blood lipids in overweight and obese, sedentary women classified as prediabetic. Further, to examine the effects of acute ingestion of PM on insulin- and exercise-mediated glucose disposal following an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and aerobic exercise bout, and to understand the mechanisms by which PM supplementation may affect specific muscle gene expression. A double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled study was conducted. Participants consumed 250 mg of either PM (n=8) or placebo (PL, n=8) twice daily for 6 days. Blood and muscle samples were obtained prior to supplementation, prior to and following OGTT, and prior to and following an exercise bout. Following OGTT, plasma glucose levels were higher at 30 minutes (p<0.001) and 1 hour post-OGTT (p=0.001) in both PM and PL groups. Similarly, plasma insulin levels were higher 30 minutes (p=0.023), 1 hour (p=0.023), and 2 hours post-OGTT (p=0.003) in both PM and PL groups. Additionally, serum glucose levels decreased from 30 minutes to 1 hour postexercise (p = 0.011), and from 30 minutes to 2 hours postexercise (p = 0.013) in both PM and PL groups. A significant increase in mRNA expression of Akt2 (p = 0.001), AMPK (p = 0.001), AS160 (p = 0.02), and PPARα (p = 0.025) was observed one hour after OGTT. The findings suggest that 250 mg of PM twice daily does not improve insulin sensitivity or fasting lipid levels in this population. However, this is the first study to report the novel finding of an increase in skeletal muscle mRNA expression of Akt2, AMPK, AS160, and PPARα in response to an OGTT. The observed increase, and subsequent decrease, in serum glucose levels after brief, maximal exertion exercise was also novel.Item Comparison of post-exercise recovery strategies on physiological and biochemical markers of exercise-induced muscle damage.(2010-10-08T16:24:44Z) Nix, Carrie M.; Cooke, Matthew B.; Health, Human Performance and Recreation.; Baylor University. Dept. of Health, Human Performance and Recreation.From the elite competitor, to the weekend athlete, or as a result of everyday activities, muscle injuries are a way of life. To date, no studies have examined the effectiveness of the Alter-G G-Trainer to enhance muscle recovery from injury. Twenty-five recreationally active males between 18 and 35 were randomly assigned to one of three recovery groups: G-Trainer, treadmill running, static stretching. Recovery was performed 30 minutes, 24, 48, and 72 hours following a 45 minute downhill run. Isokinetic strength, creatine kinase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, muscle soreness and mood states were assessed at baseline, 15 minutes, 3, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours post-exercise. Significant time effects were observed for isokinetic knee flexion/extension at 60 and 180°/second, muscle soreness (p<0.05), muscle soreness (p<0.001) and POMS (p=0.013). A significant group by time interaction (p=0.027) was observed for POMS. The G-Trainer treadmill was unable to enhance muscle recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage.Item The effects of a 12-week resistance training program combined with casein or whey protein supplementation on body composition, muscle strength, and markers of satellite cell activation in older males.(2010-10-08T16:12:13Z) Allison, Annie G.; Cooke, Matthew B.; Health, Human Performance and Recreation.; Baylor University. Dept. of Health, Human Performance and Recreation.Resistance training and protein supplementation have been shown to increase muscle mass and strength, and thus may be an effective method to combat muscle wasting (sarcopenia) that occurs with aging. Thirty-six males (62.5 yrs, 177 cm and 95.25 kg) were randomly assigned to ingest either whey isolate protein, casein protein or carbohydrate while participating in a 12-week high intensity resistance training program. Resistance training increased both upper and lower body strength, body mass and lean muscle mass while decreasing body fat percentage. However, no effects from training were observed on serum anabolic hormones and indirect markers of satellite cell activation. A trend towards significantly higher lower body strength was observed in the whey isolate (p=0.053) and casein (p=0.086) groups, respectively, compared to carbohydrate placebo group. The present study suggests protein supplementation in conjunction with high intensity resistance training may be important in combating sarcopenia.Item Effects of eight weeks of curcumin and Boswellia serrata supplementation on plasma markers of inflammation and antioxidant activity in chronic kidney disease patients.(2010-10-08T16:24:04Z) Moreillon, Jennifer Josephine.; Bowden, Rodney G., 1966-; Cooke, Matthew B.; Health, Human Performance and Recreation.; Baylor University. Dept. of Health, Human Performance and Recreation.The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks of curcumin and Bowellia serrata supplementation on changes in systemic inflammation and antioxidant activity in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Sixteen CKD patients (56.0 ± 16.0 years, 171.4 ± 11.9 cm, 99.3 ± 20.2 kg) were randomized in a double blind fashion to ingest a daily supplement composed of 1340 mg of curcumin and Boswellia serrata (824 mg purified turmeric extract, 95% curcuminoids and 516 mg Boswellia serrata extract, 10% 3-acetyl-11-keto-beta-Boswellic acid) or 1340 mg of a roasted rice powder placebo. Patients provided fasting blood samples pre- and post-supplementation in order to assess changes in systemic inflammation and antioxidant activity. A 2 x 2 repeated measures MANCOVA with a probability level of 0.05 was used for the statistical analysis. No significant changes (p > 0.05) were observed for the indicators of inflammation, represented by plasma interleukin-6 and plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha, as well as the indicator of antioxidant activity represented by plasma glutathione peroxidase. It appears that 8 weeks of curcumin and Boswellia serrata supplementation does not affect inflammation levels and antioxidant activity in CKD patients. More research is needed to determine the impact that curcumin and Boswellia serrata supplementation have on changes in inflammation and antioxidant activity in diseased populations.Item The effects of fish oil supplementation on inflammation markers in chronic kidney disease patients.(2011-01-05T19:37:39Z) Deike, Erika.; Bowden, Rodney G., 1966-; Cooke, Matthew B.; Health, Human Performance and Recreation.; Baylor University. Dept. of Health, Human Performance and Recreation.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the daily consumption of fish oil, containing 2.4g of n-3 fatty acids (1400 mg Eicosapentaenoic acid + 1000 mg Docosahexaenoic acid), on pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α for 8 weeks in CKD patients, stages 2-5. One prevalent characteristic of all stages of CKD is excessive production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. Fish oil supplementation has been claimed to lower the levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines, and as a result decrease the severity of inflammatory diseases. The benefits of fish oil supplementation for an extensive range of populations and a variety of health concerns are apparent, yet the anti-inflammatory benefits for stages 2-5 CKD patients are not as well documented. Consequently, continued studies in this area are clearly needed. Thirty-one individuals completed the current study, with 17 subjects in the fish oil group, while 14 subjects were included in the comparison group (safflower oil). Separate Repeated Measures ANOVAs were used to measure changes in the primary outcome variables using a 2 (fish oil or safflower oil) x 2 (time points) design. Significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. The results of this study showed that fish oil supplementation does not decrease plasma pro-inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in CKD patients, stages 2-5. The analysis of TNF-α levels revealed no significant difference across time (p = 0.92) or between groups (p = 0.94). However, there was a group by time interaction, (p = 0.03). The analysis between IL-6 levels and treatment resulted in no significant difference across time (p = 0.30), between groups (p = 0.15), nor was there a significant group by time interaction with the trends across time differing by group membership (p = 0.82). Finally, the analysis between treatment and IL-1β resulted in no significant difference in IL-1β levels across time (p = 0.17), between groups (p = 0.26) nor treatment-by-time interaction either (p = 0.44). The supplementation of fish oil was not found to decrease markers of inflammation, but did demonstrate that a short-term administration of fish oil is well-tolerated by CKD patients, stages 2-5. But, further investigation is essential to better define the long-term impact of fish oil supplementation in this high-risk population.Item Effects of G-trainer, cycle ergometry, and stretching on physiological and performance markers of recovery from endurance exercise.(2010-10-08T16:31:36Z) West, Amy D.; Cooke, Matthew B.; Health, Human Performance and Recreation.; Baylor University. Dept. of Health, Human Performance and Recreation.The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 3 recovery treatments (AlterG Anti-Gravity Treadmill, stationary cycling, and static stretching) on physiological and psychological markers of muscle fatigue and recovery following an acute bout of exhaustive exercise. In a cross-over design, twelve aerobically-trained males (21.25 ± 2.3 yrs, 72.05 ± 8.09 kg, 178.42 ± 6.27 cm) completed an 18.25 mile time trial performed by stationary cycling. Immediately following the endurance bout, participants completed 30 minutes of AlterG G-trainer or cycle ergometry (at ~40% VO2max) or static stretching exercises. A significant main effect for time was detected for lactate (p = 0.010) and cortisol (0.039) post-exercise. No other main effects for time,treatment or treatment by time interaction were identified. When compared to stationary cycling and static stretching, exercise performed on the AlterG G-trainer treadmill was unable to further reduce systemic markers of stress and inflammation, blood lactate, or improve anaerobic performance and/or psychological mood states following endurance exercise.Item The effects of resveratrol supplementation on glucose/insulin kinetics and transcription of the AMPK and insulin signaling pathway at rest and following an oral glucose tolerance and graded exercise test in overweight women.(2010-10-08T16:19:23Z) Hudson, Geoffrey Marcus.; Willoughby, Darryn Scott, 1963-; Cooke, Matthew B.; Health, Human Performance and Recreation.; Baylor University. Dept. of Health, Human Performance and Recreation.The AMPK pathway plays a critical role in glucose metabolism and can potentially improve insulin resistance. Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic compound that activates this pathway. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to determine the effects of daily activation of the AMPK pathway by resveratrol supplementation on glucose/insulin kinetics and transcriptional changes in the AMPK and insulin signaling pathway at rest and following an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and graded exercise test (GXT). Sixteen sedentary, overweight women were recruited for the study. In a randomized and double blind fashion, participants were divided into groups that consumed either 500 mg of resveratrol or a cellulose placebo twice daily for 7 days. On the sixth and seventh day, they returned for an OGTT and a GXT, respectively. Blood and muscle tissue was sampled prior to, and following both the OGTT and GXT. Multivariate analyses revealed no significant changes in resting serum glucose and insulin concentrations (p = 0.255), clinical chemistry safety markers (p = 0.309), or lipid profile panels (p = 0.051) following 7 days of resveratrol supplementation. Following the OGTT, serum glucose concentration was significantly increased 30 min (p < 0.001) and at 1 hr compared to baseline (p = 0.001). However, only a strong trend (p = 0.051) for increased serum insulin concentration was observed following the OGTT. The GXT protocol produced significant changes in serum glucose and insulin concentration. Glucose concentrations were significantly decreased at 1 hr when compared to baseline (p = 0.01) and 30 min (p = 0.032) post-exercise. Insulin concentrations were decreased at 1 hr (p = 0.012) and 2 hrs (p = 0.003) post-exercise. Resveratrol supplementation was unable to enhance such responses. No significant changes were observed with any of the genes analyzed. As a result, it appears that one week of resveratrol supplementation (500 mg/day) is not sufficient to enhance glucose/insulin homeostasis or transcription of metabolically-relevant genes in sedentary, overweight women. Since diabetes is still an increasing global health concern, it is evident that more research is needed to find ways to prevent and/or treat insulin resistance.