Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation

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Acute effects of caloric intake and macronutrient type on body weight, body composition, resting energy expenditure, and total metabolic rate.
(2006-07-31T01:12:44Z) Thomas, Ashli.; Kreider, Richard B., 1962-; Health, Human Performance and Recreation.; Baylor University. Dept. of Health, Human Performance and Recreation.
Obesity is a growing epidemic with no consensus regarding solutions. Thirty healthy overweight and obese female subjects (41.9 ± 12 years, 166 cm ± 7 cm, a 100.5 kg ± 19.6 kg, 46.0% ± 4.0% body fat, and BMI 37.4 ± 6.9) participated in the study. A 14-day dietary intervention examined acute effects of energy balance and macronutrient type on dietary intake, REE, body weight, body composition, and thyroid panel. Significant changes occurred in weight loss over time (p < 0.001); body fat mass over time (p < 0.001) and time x diet (p = 0.02); body fat percentage over time (p < 0.002) and time x diet (p = 0.023); REE over time (p = 0.03), and thyroid panel. Body weight continued to decrease during positive energy balance, yet metabolism rebounded. Results suggest energy balance has a greater overall effect on REE and weight loss than macronutrient type.
Acute effects of dynamic and static stretch on the peak torque and ROM of the shoulder internal and external rotators.
(2010-10-08T16:28:04Z) Smart, Mary Megan.; Greenwood, Lori D.; Health, Human Performance and Recreation.; Baylor University. Dept. of Health, Human Performance and Recreation.
Purpose: The primary purpose was to determine whether or not static and/or dynamic stretch techniques affect the peak torque and average power of the shoulder rotators. A secondary purpose was to assess and compare range of motion after the two stretching techniques. Methods: Using a cross-over design, 16 recreationally active females (18-35 yrs) participated in three sessions (baseline, static stretch, dynamic stretch) separated by at least 48 hours. Each subject warmed-up for five minutes before being tested for peak torque and power measurements, using Biodex System 3 Isokinetic dynamometer with 5 repetitions at 60°/second and 180°/second, and range of motion with a standard universal goniometer was also measured. In sessions two and three, the participant performed either 3x15 repetitions of five dynamic stretches or 3x25 second holds of five static stretches between warm-up and testing. Subjects were randomized as to the order of stretch sessions. Results: No significant differences were found between stretch protocols.
The acute effects of Pterocarpus Marsupium supplementation on insulin-dependent and insulin-independent signaling pathways at rest, after an oral glucose tolerance test and after intense exercise in overweight pre-diabetic females.
(2010-06-23T12:25:24Z) Shelmadine, Brian.; Cooke, Matthew B.; Willoughby, Darryn Scott, 1963-; Health, Human Performance and Recreation.; Baylor University. Dept. of Health, Human Performance and Recreation.
Increasing physical activity and modifying diet to incorporate more phytonutrients has been suggested as a way to prevent the progression of insulin resistance (IR) into cardiometabolic disease. Pterocarpus Marsupium (PM), a phytonutrient compound shown to improve hyperglycemia, could potentially improve IR. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of PM on insulin sensitivity and blood lipids in overweight and obese, sedentary women classified as prediabetic. Further, to examine the effects of acute ingestion of PM on insulin- and exercise-mediated glucose disposal following an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and aerobic exercise bout, and to understand the mechanisms by which PM supplementation may affect specific muscle gene expression. A double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled study was conducted. Participants consumed 250 mg of either PM (n=8) or placebo (PL, n=8) twice daily for 6 days. Blood and muscle samples were obtained prior to supplementation, prior to and following OGTT, and prior to and following an exercise bout. Following OGTT, plasma glucose levels were higher at 30 minutes (p<0.001) and 1 hour post-OGTT (p=0.001) in both PM and PL groups. Similarly, plasma insulin levels were higher 30 minutes (p=0.023), 1 hour (p=0.023), and 2 hours post-OGTT (p=0.003) in both PM and PL groups. Additionally, serum glucose levels decreased from 30 minutes to 1 hour postexercise (p = 0.011), and from 30 minutes to 2 hours postexercise (p = 0.013) in both PM and PL groups. A significant increase in mRNA expression of Akt2 (p = 0.001), AMPK (p = 0.001), AS160 (p = 0.02), and PPARα (p = 0.025) was observed one hour after OGTT. The findings suggest that 250 mg of PM twice daily does not improve insulin sensitivity or fasting lipid levels in this population. However, this is the first study to report the novel finding of an increase in skeletal muscle mRNA expression of Akt2, AMPK, AS160, and PPARα in response to an OGTT. The observed increase, and subsequent decrease, in serum glucose levels after brief, maximal exertion exercise was also novel.
An examination of factors affecting student-athlete satisfaction with stadium facilities.
(2019-01-31) Marsh, John Patrick, 1984-; Petersen, Jeffrey C. (Jeffrey Christian)
College athletic departments are in the midst of an era of rapidly increasing budgets and an accompanying facility construction and renovation boom (Fulks, 2015). Athletic departments are building bigger, nicer, more state-of-the-art facilities at extremely high rates and the building boom has persisted through the most recent economic recession (Bennett, 2012). As facility construction and renovations boom the question becomes, what impact are these new facilities having on their institutions and more specifically their athletes? Researchers have examined the impact of numerous factors on the student-athlete experience, but not the impact of the built environment, specifically athletic facilities. To conduct this type of research, a tool to assess facilities from the student-athletes' perspective must be developed. Therefore, this study developed and validated a survey scale to measure student-athlete satisfaction with football stadium facilities. A reviewer of consumer satisfaction, facility evaluation, and service quality literature informed the development of a three factor (functional, atmospheric, and athletic) theoretical model with one moderator (financial). From this model a 54-item survey was developed with all responses using a seven-point Likert scale. The survey was distributed to football student-athletes (n=779) from a cross-sectional sample by NCAA division of ten universities across the United States. Exploratory factor analysis revealed six underlying factors of student-athlete satisfaction with stadium facilities: functional, convenience, game day, audio video, safety security, and aesthetics. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good fit to the data (x 2 (1388) = 5516.73, p<.001, CFI=.89, TLI=.88, RMSEA = .08]. Additionally, financial variables were found to have weak positive correlations to each of the six underlying factors resulting in a final model for student-athlete satisfaction with stadium facilities of six factors with one moderator. The instrument developed from this study has numerous theoretical and managerial implications. The instrument can be used by researchers to examine the impact of athletic facilities on the student-athlete experience, student-athlete recruitment, and student-athlete retention. Additionally, the instrument can be used by athletic administrators to provide valuable information from the student-athletes that can be used when making facility-related decisions.
An investigation of acute exercise and FGF21.
(2020-07-14) Peterson, Matthew, 1992-; Funderburk, LesLee K.
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a molecule that freely circulates in the blood and helps to regulate metabolism. Interest in FGF21 stems from its ability to promote weight loss and ameliorate type II diabetes in animal models. Recent findings have shown that blood levels of FGF21 increase after a single bout of aerobic exercise. Neither the mechanism behind this post-exercise increase in FGF21 nor the potential downstream effects of this increase are known. Similarly, little is known about the effect of biological sex or other types of exercise on circulating levels of FGF21. This dissertation will investigate the effects of two different types of exercise – steady state aerobic and sprint interval – on blood levels of FGF21 in healthy males and females. Related to this aim, the dissertation will also investigate the relationship between potential upstream promoters of FGF21 production and circulating levels of FGF21 as well as the potential downstream effects that arise from a post-exercise increase in FGF21. A secondary aim is to investigate the relationship between baseline levels of FGF21 and physiological and lifestyle factors.
Analysis of exercise intensity and energy expenditure of women participating in the Curves exercise program.
(2006-07-30T19:49:16Z) Farris, Gregory D.; Kreider, Richard B., 1962-; Health, Human Performance and Recreation.; Baylor University. Dept. of Health, Human Performance and Recreation.
The Curves program is designed to improve fitness. The purpose of this study was to identify exercise intensity, HR and energy expenditure in a group of women participating in the Curves program. Seventy-eight women (53.6 ± 7.09 yrs, 192.1 ± 30.43 pounds, 43.5 ± 4.52 % fat) performed the Curves workout on two occasions. Results show that mean HR was 119 ± 15 b/min which was equivalent to 79% max HR or 63 % HRR. Thirty-three women (52.7 ± 6.68 yrs, 193.1 ± 31.73 pounds, 1.8 ± 0.28 L/min VO2 max) performed the Curves 30-min workout on two occasions. Results show that the mean RER to perform the 30-min workout was 1.00 ± 0.07 and 0.98 ± 0.05 for the two sessions. Estimated caloric expenditure was 164.5 ± 25.19 kcals and 160.6 ± 28.36 kcals for the two sessions. Results indicate that the Curves program qualifies as moderate intensity exercise.
An analysis of the strength of religious faith of student-athletes and non-student-athletes at NCAA Division I-FBS institutions.
(2014-01-28) Evans, Jonathan W. (Jonathan Worrell), 1977-; Petersen, Jeffrey C. (Jeffrey Christian); Health, Human Performance and Recreation.; Baylor University. Dept. of Health, Human Performance and Recreation.
This study evaluated and compared the religiosity of student-athletes and non- student-athletes at faith-based and non-faith-based NCAA Division I-FBS institutions via a modified version of the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire. A comparison of religiosity between institutions, gender, and student-athlete status was made as well as an exploration of the relationship between religiosity of these students and their intentions to use alcohol, tobacco, or performance enhancing drugs from a representative sample from two institutions (N = 613). Results from a 2 x 2 x 2 ANOVA found significant differences in religiosity based on gender, but no significant differences in religiosity by institution. The student-athletes at the non-faith-based institution were significantly more religious than the non-student-athletes. Logistic regression revealed students at the faith-based school were more likely to agree their faith impacted decisions regarding college choice, academic/athletic performance, alcohol, tobacco, and performance-enhancing drug use than those from the non-faith- based school.
Barriers and facilitators of colorectal cancer screening in a federally-qualified health center : patient and clinician perspectives.
(2018-04-19) Camp, Brendan G., 1994-; Ylitalo, Kelly R.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Current screening recommendations for individuals aged 50 to 75 years include colonoscopy every ten years, flexible sigmoidoscopy every five years, and/or annual stool-based testing. Stool-based testing, and specifically fecal immunochemical tests (FIT), are cost effective, easy to perform at home, and non-invasive. Efforts to enhance CRC screening has been effective the past few decades. Yet, many patients fail to return testing kits and remain unscreened. The purpose of the thesis was to evaluate perceived barriers and facilitators of FIT return in a Federally-Qualified Health Center. Patients who received a FIT order from January 1, 2017 to July 1, 2017 were enumerated (n=1498). After exclusion criteria, analysis of FIT returners (n=440) and FIT non-returners (n=435) was conducted to compare sociodemographic and health characteristics. Telephone surveys assessed barriers and facilitators of the CRC screening process for non-returners (n=121).
Calf muscle oxygen hemoglobin saturation characteristics in healthy and clinical populations.
(2018-04-11) Holmes, Michael Jacob, 1993-; Koutakis, Panagiotis.
Peripheral artery disease (PAD), a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis, is characterized by atherosclerotic blockages of the arteries supplying blood to the legs. The occlusion results in decreased blood flow during exercise which alters calf muscle hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO2) limiting functional capacity. Sarcopenia is the natural age-associated loss of muscle mass and function. This study examined changes in calf muscle StO2 across the lifespan in younger and older healthy individuals. The goal was to differentiate between changes seen from ageing and PAD and associate common sarcopenia tests, 4-meter walk speed and handgrip strength, with StO2 kinetics. Subjects completed the same tests, Gardner Treadmill test and 6-minute walk test, commonly performed with PAD patients. The results show that ageing, regardless of health, lowers and slows StO2 kinetics during and after exercise. They also support findings from previous studies that PAD further negatively affects StO2 kinetics beyond that of ageing.
Cardiovascular and renal responses to continuous, moderate and high-intensity interval exercise in mid-spectrum CKD.
(2018-08-31) Forsse, Jeff Stephen, 1986-; Grandjean, Peter W.
The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect a short acute bout of aerobic exercise had on vascular and renal function in individuals with midspectrum CKD. Six men and fourteen women (Age = 62.0 ± 10 years; BMI = 37.3 ± 8.3; Waist = 98.9 ± 12.7; VO2max = 19.4 ± 4.6; and eGFR = 51.5 ± 6.5) participated in two experimental conditions: high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and continuous moderate-intensity exercise (CMIE). Each exercise condition lasted for 30 minutes and was completed after an 8- to 12-hour fast. Ultrasound-determined flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery (FMD) was assessed before, 1 and 24 hrs after exercise. Blood and urine samples were taken before, 1 and 24 hrs post-exercise. Serum and plasma samples were measured for nitrotyrosine (ᶟ¯NT) asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA), paroxonase-1 (PON-1), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and creatinine. Urine samples were measured for epidermal growth factor (uEGF) and creatinine and the uEGF/uCr ratio was calculated as a marker of renal function. MDRD and CKD-EPI estimates of glomerular filtration rates were calculated. All samples were analyzed using 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Comparison-wise significance was established at p < 0.05. FMD was increased similarly with HIIE and CMIE. FMD increased 4.4% ± 1.4 at 1 hour and 2.9% ± 0.9 at 24 hour post-exercise (p < 0.005). ADMA was decreased 5.9% ± 2.3 by 24 hours after exercise (p < 0.0006), while PON-1 increased 4.6% ± 4.9 (p < 0.0097) and TAC 4.3% ± 4.2 (p < 0.012), reaching their zenith 24 hours post-exercise. Serum creatine decreased by 11% ± 3.2 at 1 and 24 hours after exercise (p < 0.0061) while eGFR increased 1 hour post-exercise and returned to baseline by 24 hours. uEGF/uCr ratio remained unaltered in both exercise conditions; however, eGFR equations MDRD increased by 16.6% ± 4.6 and CKD-EPI increased by 18.9% ± 4.5 were greatest after exercise (MDRD = p < 0.0096 and CKDEPI = p < 0.007). Exercise improves measures of vascular and renal function in mid-spectrum CKD. Results were similar after HIIE and CMIE and may last for several hours after exercise. Therefore, a single episode of HIIE or CMIE transiently improves cardiovascular health in individuals with mid-spectrum CKD.
Changes in activation of Mexican-heritage children and father physical activity social networks in response to a father-focused family-centered health program.
(2021-04-13) Prochnow, Tyler, 1992-; Umstattd Meyer, M. Renée.
Physical activity (PA) and active play are beneficial for physical, mental, and emotional health; however, very few families meet PA guidelines to attain health benefits. Unfortunately, Latinx children report lower PA levels and are at elevated risk for developing obesity. PA is also significantly associated with PA behaviors of friends and family through support, influence, and co-participation. Past studies have focused on mother’s influence on and perception of child PA, especially within Mexican-heritage families; however, recently scholars have called for a renewed focus on fathers to promote the health of their children. This dissertation examined if participation in a father-focused family-centered health program changes the social connections within Mexican-heritage children’s and fathers’ PA networks. Participating families consisting of child (aged 9-11), mother, and father were recruited from colonias by promotoras for participation in a six-week father-focused family-centered health program focused on family dynamics relative to healthy eating and active living. Children reported up to five people (alters) they actively played with the most in the previous month before and after the program. Likewise, fathers reported up to five people they with whom they were physically active. Children and fathers then reported each alters’ sex, their relationship to the alter, and frequency with which they played with the alter, if they thought the alter was active regularly, and if they alter helped them to be active as well as what they did most often with that person. Multilevel regression models examined the change in alter level variables. Children and fathers were more likely to report more frequent PA with their alters after the program when compared to before the program. Additionally, girls were more likely to report more frequent active play with alters when compared to boys; however, a significant interaction term indicated boys were more likely to increase this frequency as compared to girls. Supporting families to activate their social network ties to be more active, which is theoretically supported through family systems theory and Social Ecological Model, could result in more PA for children and families. Results indicate these connections or activations are possible through a family-centered father-focused health program.
The church and obesity today : the role of the church in promoting physical activity among south Texas Hispanic populations.
(2013-09-16) Salazar, Cindy Lynn.; Umstattd Meyer, M. Renée.; Health, Human Performance and Recreation.; Baylor University. Dept. of Health, Human Performance and Recreation.
The purpose of this study was to determine what physical activity resources are provided by churches within south Texas Hispanic communities and to determine if the Physical Activity Resource Assessment (PARA) instrument is valid when adapted for online assessments. Churches were identified within four cities of the Lower Rio Grande Valley and physical activity resources on the churches’ property were surveyed through Google Maps using the PARA instrument (n=195). The most often identified physical activity resources included basketball courts, soccer fields, play equipment, sidewalks, open fields, and fenced-in open fields. In-person PARA assessments were also conducted for 30 churches. Percent agreement and Spearman correlation coefficient calculations between in-person and Google assessments for these 30 churches suggest the PARA is suitable for online use. Churches within Hispanic communities may potentially serve as a viable resource by which to promote physical activity among Hispanic populations. Further research should be conducted to survey internal resources and programming of churches.
Comparison of post-exercise recovery strategies on physiological and biochemical markers of exercise-induced muscle damage.
(2010-10-08T16:24:44Z) Nix, Carrie M.; Cooke, Matthew B.; Health, Human Performance and Recreation.; Baylor University. Dept. of Health, Human Performance and Recreation.
From the elite competitor, to the weekend athlete, or as a result of everyday activities, muscle injuries are a way of life. To date, no studies have examined the effectiveness of the Alter-G G-Trainer to enhance muscle recovery from injury. Twenty-five recreationally active males between 18 and 35 were randomly assigned to one of three recovery groups: G-Trainer, treadmill running, static stretching. Recovery was performed 30 minutes, 24, 48, and 72 hours following a 45 minute downhill run. Isokinetic strength, creatine kinase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, muscle soreness and mood states were assessed at baseline, 15 minutes, 3, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours post-exercise. Significant time effects were observed for isokinetic knee flexion/extension at 60 and 180°/second, muscle soreness (p<0.05), muscle soreness (p<0.001) and POMS (p=0.013). A significant group by time interaction (p=0.027) was observed for POMS. The G-Trainer treadmill was unable to enhance muscle recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage.
Comparison of the effects of aquatic and land-based balance training programs on the proprioception of college-aged recreational athletes.
(2010-10-08T16:28:44Z) Spiers, Shellie.; Greenwood, Lori D.; Health, Human Performance and Recreation.; Baylor University. Dept. of Health, Human Performance and Recreation.
Purpose: To determine if aquatic and land-based balance training programs created significantly different improvements in levels of balance ability measured among college-aged recreational athletes. Methods: 18 active males and females, ages 18 – 35, were randomly assigned to an aquatic or land-based training group. Following baseline testing for various measures of postural control using the Limits of Stability, Unilateral Stance, and Sensory Organization Test protocols, the intervention groups performed a preset program of balance exercises three days a week for six weeks. Balance ability was then reassessed using the three test batteries to determine if any differences existed. Statistical analysis: A 2 (group) x 2 (pre-test,post-test) mixed analysis of variance was performed to determine statistical significance. Results: No significant differences were found between groups among any measures of balance ability.
Dating violence risk factors of college students attending a midwest public university.
(2018-04-25) Benton, Erin Nicole, 1993-; Lanning, Beth A.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors of dating violence at a non-faith-based, public university – University of Akron. This is phase II of an ongoing study to identify risk factors of dating violence for university students. Five hundred and fifty-seven undergraduates completed an online survey that analyzed demographic characteristics, alcohol use, pornography use, rape myth acceptance, hooking up behaviors, and history of dating violence. Overall, 8.8% of students reported being a victim of sexual assault, 9.3% were victims of physical abuse, and 32.7% were victims of emotional and verbal abuse. Being a female and ever engaging in a hookup were found to be risk factors for all forms of dating violence – victim and perpetrator. Future research is needed to identify other possible risk factors and to further explore the hypothesized risk factors of: pornography, hookup culture, and receiving sex education.
Dehydration in high school girls wrestling.
(May 2023) Fenton, Jennae McKenzie, 1999-; Leutholtz, Brian C.
Little data currently exists for the female wrestling population as the sport is ever-growing. This study is to determine the effect of dehydration on mental toughness for high school female wrestlers. Nine athletes, ages 14–17 years old, underwent two measurements of hydration status which took place at the beginning and middle of the season, and one mental toughness questionnaire completed at the end of the season. The athletes were assigned a personal unique identifier, several non-invasive measures were captured to determine hydration, and the standardized MTQ-10 questionnaire was used to determine mental toughness. A negative correlation was found between the mental toughness attributes of feeling worthwhile, coping, and looking on the bright side to the hydration measure of urine color in the mid-season measurements. No other values were deemed statistically significant. The results provide preliminary evidence that hydration status affects mental toughness and additional research is recommended.
Determining related work-to-rest ratios following a maximal effort isokinetic leg extension bout in trained and untrained males : a double-blind creatine/placebo controlled study.
(2010-02-02T20:02:01Z) Parker, Adam G.; Greenwood, Mike.; Health, Human Performance and Recreation.; Baylor University. Dept. of Health, Human Performance and Recreation.
Purpose: A single 30 second bout of high intensity isokinetic exercise is capable of depleting available skeletal muscle Phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Within several minutes the body is able to replenish those stores to facilitate further muscular activity. There have been suggested work-to-rest ratios to allow for the optimal recovery period to achieve repletion of the intramuscular PCr and ATP. This study attempted to determine how training status and supplementation with creatine monohydrate (CM) may affect this process. Methods: Subjects in the CM group consumed 20 g of CM (four 5 g doses/day), while subjects in the placebo group consumed 20 g of dextrose (four 5 g doses/day). Five (pre-supplementation, pre-exercise, immediate post exercise, 3 min. post exercise, and 5 min. post exercise) muscle samples were taken from the vastus lateralis of the dominant leg of 32 males [16 resistance trained (8 each receiving CM or placebo), 16 untrained (8 each receiving CM or placebo)]. Samples were measured for Cr, PCr, ATP, glycogen, and lactate, and TCr was calculated by adding Cr and PCr at all time points. Blood lactate was measured via finger prick prior to and 5 minutes after the exercise bout. Results: Subjects consuming CM increased muscle total creatine content by 10.2%. Neither CM supplementation nor resistance training status significantly affected PCr or ATP repletion rates. Trained subjects had significantly (p >.05) higher muscle glycogen content. Trained individuals maintained non-significantly higher muscle ATP and PCr after and at all time points during recovery from the exercise bout compared to untrained individuals. At both 3 and 5 minutes after exercise, none of the groups were able to fully restore resting levels of muscle ATP or PCr. Conclusions: The results indicate that CM and training status did not significantly enhance repletion rates of muscle ATP or PCr. Further, 5 minutes of rest was not long enough to fully recover muscular ATP and PCr content.
Distal gut microbiome association with sleep duration and quality.
(2018-07-23) Morales Marroquín, Flor Elisa, 1990-; Gordon, Paul M., 1960-; Greathouse, K. Leigh.
The relationship between sleep time and gut microbiota composition has revealed conflicting results. Previous research has focused on the acute effect of sleep deprivation on microbial composition, however, no research until now has analyzed the association between habitual sleep time and gut microbial composition. By using a cross-sectional design, we evaluated whether sleep duration and quality were associated with distal gut microbiota composition in a young, healthy population under normal living conditions. A total of 55 male (n=28) and female (n=27) participants, normal BMI within 18 to 35y were recruited. Sleep and physical activity time were analyzed by having the participants wearing a SenseWear® monitor for 7 days. Sleep quality was evaluated using the PSQI questionnaire. Body composition was examined through DXA. Alpha diversity was evaluated via 16S rRNA-V4 region. Metabolic syndrome risk was calculated according to the ATPIII criteria. Diet was analyzed through 24h food-records, and anxiety and depression were measured through Beck inventories. The main hypothesis of the present study was rejected, as we did not observe a significant relationship between habitual sleep duration and alpha diversity parameters in our young, healthy, normal BMI population; results that are consistent to previous studies with lower numbers of participants showing no effect of acute sleep deprivation on alpha diversity. It is possible that the high physical activity levels of our population and/or the lack of a secondary stressor prevented us from observing an effect of sleep on alpha diversity. Other key results observed either in female or male participants are: 1) the positive association between diet variety and gut microbial diversity, 2) the negative association between sleep quality and protein intake, 3) the stronger effect that diet has on alpha diversity in comparison to body composition, sleep, or physical activity, 4) the lower alpha diversity with higher BMI, 5) the lower alpha diversity with higher anxiety levels, 6) the relationship between poor sleep quality and depression/anxiety levels, 7) the potential mediator effect of physical activity and lean mass on the positive relationship between sleep time and fat mass, and lastly 8) the association between higher blood pressure and lower sleep time, as well as the potential mediator effect of gut diversity controlling this relationship. Overall, this work does not support a potential relationship between sleep parameters and gut alpha diversity in young, healthy participants performing high physical activity levels.
Effect of a restrictive breathing mask on resistance exercise performance in resistance-trained males.
(2017-07-23) Andre, Thomas L., 1987-; Willoughby, Darryn Scott, 1963-
The purpose of this study was to define the impact a RBM has on performance variables, and genes potentially impacted by the stressful nature of the RBM. In a cross-over design, ten participants performed two separate testing sessions, RBM and No Mask, consisting of squat, leg press, and leg extension. Muscle samples were obtained at baseline, 3hr, 6hr, and 24hr post-exercise. Blood samples were obtained to examine cortisol at baseline, 30min, 3hr, 6hr, and 24hr post-exercise. From each muscle sample, glucocorticoid receptor-DNA (GR-DNA) binding and mRNA expression of Atrogin-1, Foxo1, MuRF1, MAFbx, Myostatin, and REDD1 was determined. Two-way repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) were performed (p ≤ 0.05) with condition and time as main effects. Paired-samples t test was utilized for session rating of perceived exertion (S-RPE). There was a significant decrease in total repetitions during the RBM session (p = .001). A majority of the decrease in repetitions to failure occurred in the squat (p = .030) and in the leg press (p = .001), while no difference was observed in leg extension (p <=.214). There was a significant increase in S-RPE during the RBM session (p = .004). There was a significant increase in pre-stress (p = .007) and post-stress (.010) in the RBM session. No significant difference between mean HR between exercise sessions (p = .083). There was a significant decrease in pulse oximetry during the RBM session (p = .002). No significant interactions between session and time for Atrogin-1, Foxo1, MuRF1, MAFbx, Myostatin, and REDD1. There was no main effect for session for serum cortisol. There was a significant interaction between session and time for GR- DNA binding. For the RBM session, compared to baseline GR-DNA binding was significantly elevated at 3-hr (p = .007), 6-hr (p > .001), and 24-hr (p = .002) post-exercise. The use of a RBM negatively impacted the amount of repetitions completed during an acute session of lower-body resistance training, but failed to affect serum cortisol or alter the expression of proteolytic genes.
The effect of exercise intensity on postprandial blood lipids.
(2014-01-28) Littlefield, Laurel A.; Grandjean, Peter W.; Health, Human Performance and Recreation.; Baylor University. Dept. of Health, Human Performance and Recreation.
The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effects of exercise intensity on the blood lipid response to a high-fat test meal in sedentary, overweight men, and to determine the contribution of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) to changes in postprandial lipemia. Seven men (Age = 43 ± 10 years; BMI = 31.8 ± 4.5 kg/m²; Waist = 107.2 ± 14.9 cm; and VO₂peak = 31.7 ± 7.5 ml/kg/min) participated in 4 experimental conditions: control, low-intensity (LI = 40-50% of VO₂ reserve), high-intensity (HI = 70-80% of VO₂ reserve), and HI exercise plus EPOC re-feeding (HI + EERM) where the difference in EPOC following LI and HI was re-fed in the form of a meal bar (Peanut Butter PowerBar ®). Exercise sessions were isocaloric (500 calories) and completed in the morning after a 12-hour overnight fast. Blood samples were taken before and after exercise, immediately before, and 2, 4, and 6 hours after a high-fat test meal (1010 calories, 100 g fat, 99 g saturated fat, 17 g carbohydrate, 3 g protein). Serum samples were measured for triglycerides (TG), lipoprotein cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose and insulin and were analyzed using 2-way repeated-measures ANOVAs. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to examine triglyceride and insulin total (AUCT) and incremental (AUCI) areas under the curve. Comparisonwise significance was set at p < 0.05. Compared to control, TG were lower at 4 hours after both exercise intensities and remained lower at 6 hours after LI only. LI and HI significantly reduced postprandial triglyceride AUCI by 31 and 27%. AUCI and AUCT were similar between exercise intensities and changes in other dependent variables were of similar magnitude and direction in all conditions. The lower postprandial TG observed after exercise was not diminished in the HI+EERM trial. The results of this study indicate that similar significant reductions in postprandial triglycerides occur with LI and HI exercise with and without replacement of EPOC calories. In sedentary overweight men, EPOC does not contribute substantially to energy expenditure or reductions in postprandial lipemia.

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